Awareness and Attitude of Radiographers Towards Protection

Awareness and Attitude of Radiographers Towards Protection Nor Atiqah Binti Mohd Fouzi RESEARCH TITLE Awareness and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection PROBLEM STATEMENT The term ‘radiation’ covers a wide spectrum of different forms of energy, most of which have been suspected to cause ill health to human-beings (Mubeen et al., 2008). The use of ionizing radiation in diagnostic radiography may lead to hazards such as somatic and genetic damages. In addition to the use of ionizing radiation for diagnosis could be have slight chances of damage to living tissues. The effects of low level exposure to ionizing radiation are of a concern to large number of people. For example radiology department has the potential to present the harmful effects of radiation (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). Thus Personal protection devices is an important way to address the ‘as low as reasonably achievable’ (ALARA) requirement in radiography. However, its use relies on the attitudes of radiographer to consistently adhere to professional conduct requirements relating to the application of protection devices especially for lead apron, thyroid shield, gonad shield, radiation sign, lead glove and lead goggles (MacKay et al., 2012). Awareness and knowledge of application protection guidelines and instruments among radiology technicians is vital to ensure a safe workplace. Compliance with work and safe radiation protection practices can reduce these risks. The protective measures provided are implemented, to ensure that the risks associated with the use of diagnostic ionizing radiation can be reduced. Therefore, the effect of radiation to the patient or the person responsible for the use of radiation would increase the risk of harm to them. Thus this research intended to answer the question, does radiographer aware of radiation protection and its attitude toward radiation protection? OBJECTIVES General objective The objective of this research to assess the awareness and attitude of radiographers on radiation protection at medical imaging department. Specific objectives To evaluate awareness regarding radiation safety among radiographers. To evaluate personal practices regarding the use of protection devices among radiographers. RESEARCH HYPHOTHESIS Hypothesis 1 Null Hypothesis: The radiographers with low level of work experiences had less knowledge about adverse effects due of radiation. Alternative Hypothesis: The radiographers with high level of work experiences had more knowledge about adverse effects due of radiation. Hypothesis 2 Null Hypothesis: The radiographers with low level of education had less personal practice regarding the use of protection devices. Alternative Hypothesis: The radiographers with high level of education had further personal practice regarding the use of protection devices. LITERATURE REVIEW Radiological examinations are an essential tool for the evaluation of many disorders in daily practice. Ionizing radiation in medical imaging is one of the powerful diagnostic tools in medicine. Radiation which is applied in radiology departments has hazardous effects on biological systems. They produce some type of injury that is incurable. Although all medical interventions have potential benefits, but its potential risks should not be ignored. The cancers risks arise with radiation have been known. Ionizing radiation may effects on gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, gonads or even whole body. These effects may appear as somatic effects or in next generation as genetic effects (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). Doses of whatever magnitude are assumed by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to be able to induce what are referred to as †stochastic effects† such as cancers and hereditary disorders (Yucel et al., 2009). Dose-dependent effects are called as â€Å"deterministic effects† that may be responsible for teratogenicity in diagnostic radiology. These effects are also useful for cancer therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is sometimes given with curative intent that is, with the hope that the treatment will cure a cancer, either by eliminating a tumor, preventing cancer recurrence, or both (Yucel et al., 2009). To minimize the probability of stochastic effects and prevent deterministic effects, the practice of radiology is guided by the radiation protection framework established by the ICRP. One of the important principles of this framework is that of optimization, meaning the use of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) dose without compromising the quality of the image. Optimization, therefore, involves strategies to manage the radiation dose to the patient (Seeram et al., 2013). In addition, a common pattern was the use of automatic exposure control (AEC) and the measurement of constant effective dose, and the use of a dose-area product (DAP) meter (Warlow et al., 2014). Many studies showed that knowledge about ionizing radiation was insufficient among radiographer and physicians who requested radiological procedures, even radiologists who should have had more information than non-radiologists (Yucel et al., 2009). Radiation protection is the science and art of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It is also described as all activities directed towards minimizing radiation exposure of patients and personnel during x-ray exposure. Thus occupational radiation protection is necessity whenever radiation is used in the practice of medicine. Occupational radiation protection measures are necessary for all individuals who work in the diagnostic imaging departments. This includes not only technologists and nurses, but also individuals who may be in a radiation environment only occasionally. All of these individuals may be considered radiation workers, depending on their level of exposure and on national regulations. All workers require appropriate monitoring continuously by common personnel dosimeters like film badge and thermo luminescence dosimeter. They must also receive education and training appropriate to their jobs and protect by tools and equipment. The amount of absorbed dose is related to exposure factors such as kV/ potential difference and mA/ intensity of the beam and time. Personnel protective devices applied for the employee to work safely with the construction of a dose reduction of exposure to personnel. Moreover development and refinement of basic safety standards has a great important role to protect radiology staffs. The level of awareness concerning with radiation protection influences in staff behavior is important. If they have not enough information related to mentioned issue, their action will not be safe and resulted to adverse effects (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). METHODOLOGY Study Design Study design will be the cross-sectional study in which the information gather from at least 40 respondents, randomly pick and will be analyzed. Time is provided to them to answer all of the questions in the questionnaire and they need to return back the questionnaire after they finished answering it. All of the data that get from the questionnaires is considered as confidential and all the data will key-in to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection. Study Setting This study will be conducted at the hospital will be my practical. Sampling Design and Sample Size In this study, a sample selection of 40 radiographers who have answered the designated questionnaire will be randomly taken out from the target population. Inclusion criteria All radiographer who work in that hospital. Exclusion criteria Clinical students. Research Flow Data Collection Procedures The data collection of 40 respondents will be collected using questionnaires. Radiographers are given questionnaires. They will be asked to fill up the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be asses their awareness regarding radiation safety and their personal practices regarding the use of these protection devices. In producing the questionnaires, I adapted the questionnaires from the previous study which are Takakuwa et al., 2010, Baumann et al, 2011, Sin et al., 2012 Larson et al., 2007. The questionnaires were divided into two sections. The questionnaire has mainly two parts with various questions around radiation protection and safety related to staff and patients. The first part contained information about demographic data like age, sex, work experiences and etc. The second section was about awareness and attitude of employees around protection acts, protection device and dose limit. All the data and details then will be gathered using the standard version of SPSS version 18.0 for windows will be used in a statistical analysis. Data analyzed by Chi square and Fisher exact tests to detect relationship between categorical data. 7.6 Research Tools This study will use hand-out questionnaires in order to obtain data from respondents. Participants for this research are selected when they had finished doing a case related to medical imaging and research done during radiographer have free time. The set of questionnaires set for response are attached in Appendix 1. 7.7 Statistical Consideration The data will be analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. All the data from the data collection form will be gathered to and key in into this software. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to show the relative proportion of radiographer selecting given answers for each question. Chi square and Fisher exact tests will be used to detect relationship between categorical data. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Research questions pursued in this study are relevant to important health care issues. This study also justified based on the potential scientific value of its results. Statistical procedures to be carried out during this study will be appropriate, and will not be used to manipulate the data just to get significant results. This final result of this study will be published in a thorough and honesty during reporting. Data information that will collect from the respondent will be private and confidential. Approval for this study will be sought from the Faculty of Health Science, MARA University of Technology, which is associated with Imaging Diagnostic Department at the hospital that I would practically then. Furthermore, researchers will complete and sign the application of research ethics to be approved by the Faculty of Health Sciences, MARA University of Technology, to declare that the research has been tied to ethical principles. A copy of the proposal and agreement of the investigation will be included. Head of department and institution approval will submit personally to the respective institutional by the researcher for approval. BUDGET The calculation of estimated budget for this research includes the travelling cost, printing cost, and photocopy. Below is the table of the estimating cost. Table 1: Estimated Cost of the Project PROPOSED TIME FRAME FOR THE PROJECT A Gantt chart is a planning tool that shows graphically the order in which various tasks must be completed and the duration of each activity. Look at table 2 below on the planning of the study to be conducted. Table 2: Gants Chart of the Project

Music Composition Sheet Essay

At the turn of the century, music was characteristically late Romantic in style. Composers such as Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss and Jean Sibelius were pushing the bounds of Post-Romantic Symphonic writing. At the same time, the Impressionist movement, led by Claude Debussy, was being developed in France. The term was actually disliked by Debussy: â€Å"I am trying to do ‘something different—in a way realities—what the imbeciles call ‘impressionism’ is a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by art critics† —and Maurice Ravel’s music, also often labelled with this term. Many composers reacted to the Post-Romantic and Impressionist styles and moved in quite different directions. The single most important moment in defining the course of music throughout the century was the widespread break with traditional tonality, effected in diverse ways by different composers in the first decade of the century. From this sprang an unprecedented â€Å"linguistic plurality† of styles, techniques, and expression. In Vienna, Arnold Schoenberg developed atonality, out of the expressionism that arose in the early part of the 20th century. He later developed the twelve-tone technique which was developed further by his disciples Alban Berg and Anton Webern; later composers (including Pierre Boulez) developed it further still. Stravinsky (in his last works) explored twelve-tone technique, too, as did many other composers; indeed, even Scott Bradley used the technique in his scores for the Tom and Jerry cartoons. After the First World War, many composers started returning to the past for inspiration and wrote works that draw elements (form, harmony, melody, structure) from it. This type of music thus became labelled neoclassicism. Igor Stravinsky (Pulcinella and Symphony of Psalms), Sergei Prokofiev (Classical Symphony), Ravel (Le tombeau de Couperin) and Paul Hindemith (Symphony: Mathis der Maler) all produced neoclassical works. After World War 2, composers sought to achieve greater levels of control in music in their pieces (e. g. 12 tone technique and later serialism). The twelve tone technique is a technique ensuring the use of all 12 notes in the chromatic scale, this prevented the unbalanced emphasis on individual notes. In the 1940s and 50s composers, notably Pierre Schaeffer, started to explore the application of technology to music in musique concrete (Dack 2002). The term Electroacoustic music was later coined to include all forms of music involving magnetic tape, computers, synthesizers, multimedia, and other electronic devices and techniques. From the early 1950s onwards, Cage introduced elements of chance into his music. This has resulted in various musical techniques such as indeterminacy, aleatoric music, music, intuitive, and free improvisation. In the 1970s and onwards, new technology was available and used in classical music. This new technology was experimented with and improvised that same key qualities of basic classical music, but had newer and broader styles and techniques (e. g. 12 tone technique). This component in section A of the piece conveys a short list of variety in the musical concepts (bars 6-7). The vivid sway motion throughout this section is due to its branch of late Romanticism (early 1900s). Romanticism was an emotional and expressive period of time where many different cultures, art, architecture and music was impacted by the social status of this time. Music in general was driven by this emotion and hardship that underwent at the time i. e the French revolution. This emotion gave the composers much more expression and diversity, with less formality and structure (a characteristic of music of the classical period). With this new contemporary classical style of music, the ideas and implementations of previous styles and periods had an effect on the way this music was played, i. e. the sway motion and range of mixed dynamics. In this section is phrasing slurs are used to join the notes together to build its melody into being more ‘sway like’ giving it a legato motion. In the harmony a short part of an arpeggio is played and graduated into a whole chord finishing the scale. This repetitive motion of the harmony in the left hand has created a slight question and answer between the melody and harmony in this section. This component from section B of the piece is a variation of the first part, with added techniques, dynamics, notes, and variety to build more expression into the piece (bars 14-15). The expression of the composers of this time period in post-1945 was shown through the sorrow and despair of World War II. Through the devastation and war experienced by the composers at this time, the change in variety and diversity of pitch was minimal, but the feeling experienced were immense. These immense feelings portrayed in the massive output of dynamics and expressive techniques used in these contemporary classical styles, and further developed this category of music. This section uses broken chords in the harmony to build the tempo and texture from the section A. whilst the melody is still similarly structured but further developed in the use of notes values. This component shows the transition of section B into the new section C. In this transition the dynamic change gradually to fit the expression and use of whole (triad) chords in section C. The use of the Crescendo into forte, portrays a wide variety in dynamics throughout the piece (the previous sections were piano and mezzo-piano, from above). Forte in the next section conveys the composers’ anxiety and anger in this time of war, and conveys to the responder through this wide range of dynamics the emotions and distress people went through during this time. This component conveys the transition between section C and section D. Through this transition the dynamics change from a forte (loud) to a pianissimo (very soft), these dynamics give the piece a wider range in terms of dynamics and convey a lot more expression to the responder. The melody however is similar but in a higher octave, this give the piece a sequence and conveys the idea of repetition throughout the piece. The density of section D get thinner, as the harmony is reduced to one note played with longer note values, i. e. semibreves. Composers during this period of post-1945 used a wide range and variety of dynamics to expressive themselves with the troubles and hardships they went through after the war. This variety is vivid in this piece as this section contains that branch from forte to pianissimo. Throughout this composition the ideas, implementations and characteristics of contemporary classical music have been vivid throughout this composition. I believe the use of the six concepts have been diverse through this piece and have truly illustrated the sound and tone of contemporary classical music. Throughout the piece, the dynamics have changed rapidly and shown a large variety of expression and emotion in the composition. The use of one instrument in the composition has shown the audience that the composers for Contemporary Classical music have independence on lots of instruments and thick density, as this does not convey emotion as easy of thin density pieces. The structure of theme and variation, a common structure used in contemporary classical, often used to build and gradually strengthen the motif or chord progression of the piece, this creates suspense and other emotions to the listeners. The techniques used were quite minimal but, strong i. e. the legato, slurs, broken chords. The duration of the notes and piece were quite wide in range, and diverse in created a multiple of different variations of the melody. The tone colour of the piece was very emotional in the way of being sad, spooky, and dark but happy in the sense that the sound was evolving into something brighter with a hint of darkness. Overall this composition created for the ‘annual Young Composers Symposium’ has conveyed the aspects and characteristic of Contemporary Classical music to the audience, and has successfully illustrated the musicological context of the style in developing the use of the 6 concepts in the composition.

Modern Day Human Sex Trafficking - 1151 Words

Modern Day Human Sex Trafficking With the advances in technology society now mainly uses cellphones and the internet as means of communication; traffickers see this as an opportunity, by using technology as a tool to reach victims from all around the world, as well as buyers. However, as traffickers are adapting to the online market for trafficking, technology is also creating ways in which we can identify traffickers and victims. Sex trafficking has been around for centuries, however in this day and age it is â€Å"the second fastest growing criminal industry; sex trafficking â€Å"accounted for 83% of all reported human trafficking incidents†. Sex trafficking is a global problem; traffickers are utilizing the advances in technology to their advantage. They are taking advantage of the loopholes in technology that can leave their marks untraceable which enables them to conduct business discreetly. What people do not realize is that sex trafficking is a major problem in the states as well. Large n umbers of victims come in from areas such as Ukraine, Russia, and various parts of Africa. This wide variety of locations of victims furthers the difficulties faced in trying to stop it due to victim’s unfamiliarity with the system. To start, sex trafficking is illegal in all states, except in Nevada where prostitution is legal in counties with a population of 700,000 or greater, 10 out of 17 counties in Nevada have licensed brothels. Prostitution is legally definedShow MoreRelatedSlavery : A African American Slave1518 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic, and racial factors that influence slavery, even in modern time. Of course, we know that slavery in the 1800’s was extremely racial in that only blacks were enslaved. However, looking at the statistics as we talk about slavery, it has become widely apparent to me that slavery is largely associated with specific races as well as economic status. 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Being vulnerable and having no hope for life can often leads to desperation. Sex trafficking and become a means of survival for these individuals. Low income is a major cause for sex trafficking. Sex trafficking can become a reason for a single mother to feed her children or canRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the United States Essays927 Words   |  4 PagesStates. Over a century has went by since this day, and yet somewhere behind the mask of freedom that our country holds with such pride lingers a hidden trade. This is the trade of modern day slavery that remains prevalent in our country. Despite the freedoms we are granted as a citizen of the United States,- human trafficking is an enormous issue that is often overlooked. In fact very little light is shown on this topic, but the awful reality is there. Ev ery day women, children, and even men are kidnapped

The Bible By The Poisonwood Bible - 981 Words

Midterm Movies and books about missionaries haven’t portrayed missionaries in a positive light. Fiction writers and movie producers have led people on to believe, that missionaries are self-serving and as having specific intentions. One of the prime examples of misrepresenting a missionary; is the book called The Poisonwood Bible. I had to read The Poisonwood Bible in an English class. The Poisonwood Bible is the story of a missionary named Nathan Price and his family. Nathan was Reverend and he was mean to his wife and children. Nathan and his family lived in the Congo. He was disrespectful to his wife and his children were terrified of him. I remember reading the book thinking, how does he represent God? Missionaries are sent out to cross cultural barriers and spread the gospel. Missionaries are not sent too foreign countries to destroy or to break the people down. Missionaries have faced scrutiny, because of the negative of missionaries in movies and in books. There some positive movies made about missionaries. Jesus was the perfect missionary. Jesus went to different places and taught the word of God. Jesus drew people unto him. Jesus told his disciples, that if they follow him, he would make them fishermen of men. Jesus taught anywhere. Jesus delivered the word so profoundly. Jesus was from the lineage of Abraham. God made a covenant with Abraham to make him the father of many nations. According to Matthew Jesus was the Messiah for all people. When Jesus became angry,Show MoreRelatedThe Poisonwood Bible2189 Words   |  9 Pagesin the Congo. These countries may have not been aware of their influence at the time, but the outcome nonetheless was drastic. Cultural misunderstandings were the ultimate catalyst for the Congo’s destruction. In Barbara Kingsolver’s novel The Poisonwood Bible published in 1998 she exposes how cultural ignorance creates problems. 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In Poisonwood Bible, not being accustomed to the culture in Congo, this surprises the Price family, as Rachel PriceRead MoreSummary Of The Poisonwood Bible 1318 Words   |  6 PagesAP Literature and Composition Summer Reading Assignment The Poisonwood Bible Analyzed by: Shraddha Patel contents: 6 essays  â€Å" Imagine a ruin so strange it must never have happened First, picture the forest. I want you to be its conscience, the eyes in the trees.† The effect of the above directive on the reader is that it takes us into the world that is so disparate from anything that we, the reader, could have ever imagined. It propels the reader to continue reading and disclose the mysteryRead MorePoisonwood Bible Analysis920 Words   |  4 Pages No one is truly understood until they are described from many points of view .In Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible, she uses Nathan Price to create her conflict between the cultures of America and the Congo. However, she never gives Nathan a voice. Rather, he is described through his wife and four children. Kingsolver fully develops the character of Nathan Price and his interactions with his family and his environment by using all five of the women’s voices, therefore driving the plot ofRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible Analysis903 Words   |  4 Pages as it is idealized in the western world, it is in different forms than what westerners are used too, but unwillingly, individua ls are forced into the westerns way of teaching, compelling them to believe it can fix all their problems. In The Poisonwood Bible, Barbara Kingsolver criticizes the way religion affects an individual’s arrogance, political stance, and guilt, due to a belief that religion can fix dilemmas, and this conflicts the main characters and their own beliefs. In this novel, the PriceRead More Poisonwood Bible Essay1937 Words   |  8 PagesPoisonwood Bible Barbara Kingsolver is the author of many well-written pieces of literature including The Poisonwood Bible. This novel explores the beauty and hardships that exist in the Belgian Congo in 1959. Told by the wife and four daughters of a fierce Baptist, Nathan Price, Kingsolver clearly captures the realities this family and mission went through during their move to the Congo. The four daughters were raised in Atlanta Georgia in the 1950’s therefore entering the Congo with preconceivedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poisonwood Bible1093 Words   |  5 PagesTitle of Work: â€Å"The Poisonwood Bible† Author: Barbara Kingsolver. Date of Publication: 1998. Genre: Historical Fiction. Writing Style: five narrators to show different perspectives of the events that occur. Orleanna creates vivid images of her past and uses descriptive language, Rachel talks informally, Leah uses a lot of dialogue and is informed, Adah uses palindromes, has a sarcastic tone, uses descriptive language as we ll, and Ruth May’s style is simple and playful. Point of View(s): first-personRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By. Kingsolver Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe theme of â€Å"The Poisonwood Bible,† starts with the cultural selfishness of the Cogeneses people toward the western power. Most of the perspective of novel turns to feminist of four Price daughters and their mother. In the novel people of the Kilanga wants to adopt a religion which will protect them from natural disaster and starvation. Nathan Price wants to change the ancient tradition values of Congo with his own beliefs of worshiping the god. This part of Africa is ruled by the Western PowersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poisonwood Bible1548 Words   |  7 Pages Barbara Kingsolver s novel The Poisonwood Bible captures a white southern families struggles through cultural collision and avid yet destructive faith. Kingsolver utilizes personal narratives to highlight the effect of western presence in Africa, not only pertaining to the natives but to the intrusive westerners themselves. The Price women display an array of different reactions to their quest in the Congo— each character contributes a different perspective which furthers the plot. Leah PriceRead MoreTheme Of Independence In The Poisonwood Bible967 Words   |  4 Pagesindependence. In the beginning of the Poisonwood Bible, Orleanna only follows her husband Nathan. Even when they went to Africa for his sake, Orleanna never expressed her opinion of not wanting to go. After having kids, she felt like her will was lost and she could never leave him. With Kingsolver’s use of literary devices, you can see her change of character. She starts to find her own independence and do what she wants to do and express herself. In the poisonwood bible, Orleanna says, â€Å"If you think my